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Document The Age of Diminished Expectations U.S. Economic Policy in the 1990s Paul Krugman The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England. Saving the Black- Footed Ferret. Interviews. Executive Summary. One hundred years ago, between one million and six million black- footed ferrets. Great Plains and the Intermountain West. But at. the end of 1. North America's rarest. From the ten survivors they have. The bison ate densely growing. The prairie dogs. The ferret. hunted the prairie dogs, keeping their numbers from overpopulating the. The prairie dog has been reduced to 2 percent of. And the ferret is on the verge of extinction. But. close scrutiny reveals that nearly all of the factors leading to the ferrets. American tradition and common law held that wildlife were owned by. Once. dead, individuals could claim them for their use. This meant that if someone. This gave people no incentive to do. Someone shooting calves of domestic cattle that belonged to. But in the arid West 1. Livestock owners could graze their cattle on. But since this unclaimed land was a . But a side effect of overgrazing was an expansion in prairie dog. Presumably, the. black- footed ferret also benefited, and its numbers at this time may have. Ranchers went on the warpath against prairie dogs, and since most. Biological Survey (now known as the animal damage control program of. USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) started a prairie dog. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and even the Park Service. By 1. 96. 0. prairie dogs were gone from 9. This. effectively eliminated the problem of the commons. But it substituted a new one. The Fish & Wildlife Service had. But. rather than use its newly enacted power to stop the prairie dog poisonings that. Even as other federal. Fish & Wildlife Service. A new group of. ferrets were found not by any government survey but by a Wyoming dog who. The owner, not recognizing the animal. First, federal agents threatened to prosecute the owner of the dog. Biologists found one colony of about 5. Yet. government agencies did little other than monitor the colony until, in 1. Only eighteen individuals were rescued. But attempts to release ferrets in the wild met with two. First, most ranchers resisted proposals to introduce ferrets in. This was partly. because- -due to rancher protests- -the ferrets were released in. But it was mainly because- -due to budget. As a result, more than 9. When only released survivors are counted. These costs will fall as. Priorities. seem misplaced when huge sums are spent searching for nonexistent ferrets and. Increasing ferret habitat will. A case could be made. But it is equally valid to conclude that the ranchers are merely. In a confrontation between ethics and incentives, incentives almost. To participate in this. Endangered Species Act itself. Following are the most. The recovery program should focus on breeding quality animals, but should. One way to cut these subsidies would be the method proposed by House. Agriculture Committee Chairman Pat Roberts. This is to convert all subsidies. This will make it possible for wildlife. A new tax could also be used to allow. Encourage the protection of unfragmented habitat by changing inheritance. An improved law would create positive incentives for. Reform the Endangered Species Act to require compensation for certain. Ferrets. are not potential game in the near future, but prairie dogs are. Promote the sport of prairie dog hunting and encourage the collection of. It is also one of the most contentious. Are wildlife more. What are the rights of animals vs. Is government guilty of taking property without compensation if it. If not, how should the. Can those changes be made. The first of. these is the black- footed ferret. This report answers the following important. Why is the ferret endangered? They range from alterations in the captive breeding program to. But many of the proposals are more. Their colonies stretched. Rocky. Mountains and north to south from the Canadian prairies to the Mexican. Chihuahaun Desert. Other estimates range as high as 6. USDI, 1. 98. 8). A single colony of prairie dogs in Texas is reported to have. Roemer, 1. 99. 5). Through vigorous churning of. USDI, 1. 99. 3), prairie dogs enhance the biological diversity of the grassland. In particular, their physical and biological impacts help sustain. Uresk, 1. 98. 7 and USDI, 1. Uresk, 1. 98. 7), enrich the diversity of prairie. Clark, 1. 98. 6b), increase the nutritional quality of forage for grazing. Roemer, 1. 99. 5, Sharps, 1. USDI, 1. 99. 3), and expand grassland. Uresk, 1. 98. 3). Today, bison at the Wind Caves. National Park continue to preferentially graze prairie dog colonies, proving by. USDI, 1. 99. 3). South Dakota researchers counted 1. Sharps, 1. 99. 0), and they observed bird. Pronghorn, for example, are grassland ungulates that prefer. Prairie dog. colonies produce an abundance of forbs because of prairie dog selectivity for. As a. result, pronghorn are able to find a diversity and abundance of forage in. Seen in its ecological complexity. Prairie dog colonies provide. Charadrius montanus), the. Buteo regalis), the swift fox (Vulpes velox). The ferret, in turn, is an. Over 9. 5 percent of its diet comes from. Moreover, the black- footed ferret uses prairie dog. Confirmed sightings and ferret specimens collected. West, from the. southern prairies of Saskatchewan and Alberta to the plains and desert areas of. Texas, New Mexico and Arizona (see Figure 1). Pleistocene ferret skeletal. Chihuahua suggest that the black- footed ferret was also. Mexico during recent times. According to the. Anglo. pre- settlement America West (BYU, 1. USDI, 1. 98. 8). It. Yet, without the intensive seasonal grazing, wallowing. USDA, 1. 98. 9). Vigorous and unhampered grass growth would. Sharps, 1. 99. 0, Uresk. USDI, 1. 99. 3). As bison faded from the. By the late 1. 88. West. was cattle kingdom pure and simple, stretching from the Nebraska- Kansas plains. Sierra- Nevada. Long- horns, followed later by the. Hereford and Angus, virtually replaced- -and in some. West's grasslands. Overgrazing became endemic, stripping verdant. O'Toole, 1. 99. 4b). For a few brief years, the prairie. Clark. 1. 99. 5 and USDA, 1. Indeed, the various estimates of prairie dog- impacted. By 1. 91. 0, private use of strychnine bait. Kansas and. Oklahoma- -had already shrunk the historic range of the prairie dog to a mere. In the years that followed, federal and state actions did. Between 1. 91. 6 and 1. Biological. Survey, the predecessor of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Roemer, 1. USDA, 1. 98. 9, and USDI, 1. Fish and Wildlife. Service and the Bureau of Indian Affairs poisoned 3. Compound 1. 08. 0 (Clark, 1. Ralph Block, an agent of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, participated. During that period, he observed 1. Clark, 1. 98. 9a and BYU, 1. Nonetheless, his. Fish and Wildlife Service's animal. These complexes provided population stability by shielding the. The Montana range, in. By reducing the number, size and distribution of prairie dog colonies and. Less habitat, in turn, meant a drastic reduction. It made the small and scattered prairie dog remnants. Where. before such events might have affected only a portion of an extensive prairie. They could no longer migrate to healthier. Bereft of an alternative food. Like their prairie dog prey, their populations. USDI, 1. 99. 3). Indeed, population data now available on. Extinction of black- footed ferrets was probably inevitable without. That statute elevated. Seal, 1. 98. 9). Unlike earlier legislation, the 1. It continued the tradition of listing threatened and. The new law. restricted the taking or killing of listed species, emphasized acquisition of. In. earlier legislation, Congress had directed federal agencies to provide species. More than a century after their first description by John J. Audubon. a small yet scattered population of black- footed ferrets was found in 1. Adrian Ranch in Mellette County, South Dakota (Mc. Nulty, 1. 97. 1). Extensive. follow- up surveys revealed a highly dispersed, low density population of. South Dakota counties. In all, 9. 0. black- footed ferrets were located, including an additional 3. Clark, 1. 99. 4a and USDI, 1. By 1. 97. 1, however, the declining state of the black- footed ferret. No. additional ferrets had been located in recent years. More ominous yet, ferret. If anything , the black- footed. On top of that. relations between the federal agencies and surrounding landowners were. Fish and Wildlife Service captured six ferrets in late. Patuxent Wildlife. Research Center. Four of the captured ferrets died after inoculation with a. Three more ferrets were captured and taken to. Two litters were subsequently born in. Fish and Wildlife Service began developing a recovery plan for. Only a handful of pages in length, its primary. Specifically, the plan. With the. death of the last known black- footed ferret in 1. Fish & Wildlife. Service was left empty- handed. By necessity, it turned its recovery efforts to. Between. 1. 97. 8 and 1. Denver Wildlife Research Center. Under Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, federal agencies. In the case of the ferret, these. Fish & Wildlife Service's. After nearly a decade of spending. Lucille. Hogg, a cafe owner in Meeteetse, Wyoming, ended the search by delivering a dead. Using an array of search methods, including. BYU, 1. 98. 6, Clark, 1. Clark, 1. 99. 4b, 1. Its biologists, pleased. Meeteetse prairie dog and ferret population. Patuxent and the disturbing fact that ferrets had to date not been. For the next four years it simply monitored and. Meeteetse ferrets. Cooperating closely. Jack Turnell, the owner of the Pitch. Fork Ranch where most of the ferrets. Wyoming biologists watched optimistically as the black- footed. They. were more than encouraged by reproduction rates which yielded 1. If the ferret could. Meeteetse prairie dog. BYU, 1. 98. 6, Clark. USDI, 1. 98. 8). Enthusiasm aside, the fact is that the Meeteetse black- footed ferret. More significantly, the probability of future. Meeteetse's tiny ferret community to severe disease episodes. Genetically cut off for. Meeteetse's black- footed. Seal, 1. 98. 9). In June, sylvatic. Meeteetse prairie dog- ferret complex. Download - Update. Star - Update. Star. Download the. free trial version below to get started. Double- click the downloaded file. Update. Star is compatible with Windows platforms. Update. Star has been tested to meet all of the technical requirements to be compatible with. Windows 1. 0, 8. 1, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2. Windows. XP, 3. 2 bit and 6. Simply double- click the downloaded file to install it. 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